In this fatwa:
1- Fasting on the day of Ashura is of great merits in Islam. The Prophet said, “Fasting the day of Ashura (is of great merits), I hope that Allah will accept it as an expiation for (the sins committed in) the previous year.” (Muslim)
2- Fasting the 9th of Muharram is highly recommended by the Prophet. Ibn Abbas used to say: We should fast on two days: the 9th and 10th of Muharram to distinguish ourselves from the Jewish community. (At-Tirmidhi)
Explaining the virtues of fasting on the 9th and the 10th of Muharram, Dr. Muzammil H. Siddiqi, former President of the Islamic Society of North America, states:
The Prophet used to fast on the day of Ashura. When he came to Madinah, he found out that the Jews of Madinah were also fasting on this day remembering Prophet Musa (peace be upon him). The Prophet admired this tradition and said to the Jews, “I am closer to Musa than you are.” He fasted and he also told his Companions to fast on this day.
It is the Sunnah of the Prophet (peace be upon him) to fast on the 9th and 10th of Muharram.
Later, before the end of his life, the Prophet told Muslims to add the 9th day also. Thus, it is recommended to fast on both the 9th and 10th of Muharram.
Moreover, in his well-known book, Fiqh As-Sunnah, the late Sheikh Sayyed Sabiq states:
Abu Hurairah reported: “I asked the Prophet: ‘Which Prayer is the best after the obligatory Prayers?’ He said: ‘Prayer during the mid of the night.’ I asked: ‘Which fasting is the best after that of Ramadan?’ He said, ‘The month of Allah that you call Muharram’.” (Ahmad, Muslim, and Abu Dawud)
It is noteworthy that Muslim scholars have stated that fasting of Ashura is of three levels as follows:
Humayd ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf heard Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan say from the pulpit on the day of Ashura in the year in which he made the hajj, “People of Madinah, where are your learned men? I heard the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) say about this day, ‘This is the day of Ashura, and fasting it has not been prescribed for you. I am fasting it, and whoever of you wants to fast it can do so, and whoever does not want to, does not have to.’ (Al-Muwatta)
1- Fasting for three days, i.e., on the 9th, 10th, and 11th of Muharram.
2- Fasting the 9th and 10th of Muharram.
3- Fasting only the 10th of Muharram.
Allah Almighty knows best.
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