Marriage without guardian’s permission?
It is not permissible for a man to marry a woman without the consent of her legal guardian, such as her father or brother; either she has or has not previously married.
According to the Hadith of Aishah, “And the ruler is the guardian of the one who does not have a guardian.” (At-Tirmidhi, Abu Dawud, and Ibn Majah)This is the view of the majority of scholars, including Malik, Ash-Shafi`i and Imam Ahmad. They based their view on report of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him); “There is no marriage except with a guardian.” (Abu Dawud and Ibn Majah)
They further based their view on the hadith: “Any woman who gets married without the permission of her gurdian, her marriage is invalid, her marriage is invalid, her marriage is invalid. If her husband has consummated the marriage, then the dowry belongs to her in return for that. If she does not have a guardian then the (Muslim) ruler is the guardian of anyone who does not have a wali.” (At-Tirmidhi, Abu Dawud and Ibn Majah)
Guardian and refusing marriage’s choice
In case a guardian prevents a girl from marrying her suitable and qualified match without having a valid and legal reason, guardianship passes immediately to someone who is fit to be a guardian such as the brother or the uncle.
This is based on the Prophet’s words, “…If she does not have a guardian, then the (Muslim) ruler is the guardian of anyone who does not have a wali.”If all her guardians obstruct her from getting married to a suitable match of hers without providing a valid reason, the Muslim ruler should assume the role of her guardian.
The “ruler” here means the judge who governs according to the Shariah or an imam of Islamic centers in the West. Therefore, a guardian does not have the right to prevent a woman from marrying any suitor without providing a valid reason.
Allah Almighty knows best.
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